However, to the best of our knowledge, no large-scale analysis of the emotional content of emojis has been conducted so far. The use of emojis on the SwiftKey Android and iOS keybords, for devices such as smartphones and tablets, was analyzed in the SwiftKey Emoji Report, where a great variety in the popularity of individual emojis, and even between countries, was reported. For example, Instagram, an online mobile photo-sharing, video-sharing and social-networking platform, reported in March 2015 that nearly half of the texts on Instagram contained emojis. An emoji is a graphic symbol, ideogram, that represents not only facial expressions, but also concepts and ideas, such as celebration, weather, vehicles and buildings, food and drink, animals and plants, or emotions, feelings, and activities.Įmojis on smartphones, in chat, and email applications have become extremely popular worldwide. An emoji is a step further, developed with modern communication technologies that facilitate more expressive messages. It helps to draw the reader’s attention, and enhances and improves the understanding of the message. It allows the author to express her/his feelings, moods and emotions, and augments a written message with non-verbal elements. Finally, the paper provides a formalization of sentiment and a novel visualization in the form of a sentiment bar.Īn emoticon, such as -), is shorthand for a facial expression. Consequently, we propose our Emoji Sentiment Ranking as a European language-independent resource for automated sentiment analysis. We observe no significant differences in the emoji rankings between the 13 languages and the Emoji Sentiment Ranking. Emojis tend to occur at the end of the tweets, and their sentiment polarity increases with the distance. The inter-annotator agreement on the tweets with emojis is higher. The sentiment distribution of the tweets with and without emojis is significantly different. It turns out that most of the emojis are positive, especially the most popular ones. The sentiment analysis of the emojis allows us to draw several interesting conclusions. About 4% of the annotated tweets contain emojis. We engaged 83 human annotators to label over 1.6 million tweets in 13 European languages by the sentiment polarity (negative, neutral, or positive). The sentiment of the emojis is computed from the sentiment of the tweets in which they occur. But what are their emotional contents? We provide the first emoji sentiment lexicon, called the Emoji Sentiment Ranking, and draw a sentiment map of the 751 most frequently used emojis. In contrast to the small number of well-known emoticons that carry clear emotional contents, there are hundreds of emojis. Emojis are Unicode graphic symbols, used as a shorthand to express concepts and ideas. In the past two years, over ten billion emojis were used on Twitter. There is a new generation of emoticons, called emojis, that is increasingly being used in mobile communications and social media.
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